Fireworks and Air Pollution: A Global New Year’s Eve Tradition Under Scrutiny

Millions of Fireworks Light Up the Skies Annually
As the clock strikes midnight on December 31, 2024, millions worldwide will welcome the New Year with dazzling firework displays. From Sydney Harbour’s iconic nine-tonne pyrotechnic extravaganza to London’s 12,000 bursts of light, fireworks are a global celebration staple. However, concerns about their environmental and health impacts persist.

Air Pollution and Fireworks
Fireworks are known to cause temporary but significant spikes in air pollution. Studies have shown elevated levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) after major events, such as New Year’s Eve and the US Independence Day. These pollutants, including heavy metals and soot particles, can affect air quality and potentially harm human health.

A study in Germany over 11 years found “drastic” increases in PM2.5 concentrations on New Year’s Days, with 80% of the particulate matter being small enough to penetrate human lungs. Similarly, research in the US noted PM2.5 levels quadrupling near large firework displays during the July 4th celebrations.

Health Impacts: What to Know
While the long-term effects on spectators are unclear, the short-term exposure can exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic cough. Children and individuals with preexisting respiratory issues are particularly vulnerable. Studies suggest that workers involved in pyrotechnics may face prolonged exposure risks.

Wildfire Risks and Environmental Concerns
Fireworks are also linked to wildfires, with over 11,000 fires attributed to them on US federal lands between 1980 and 2017. The debris from fireworks, including chemicals like perchlorate, can contaminate soil and water bodies. Perchlorate, a propellant in fireworks, has been found in elevated levels in water sources near display sites, posing risks to thyroid function if ingested in high quantities.

Global Usage and Sustainability Challenges
Globally, the fireworks industry is booming, with projections of market growth from $2.69 billion in 2024 to $3.65 billion by 2032. Despite the joy they bring, the environmental toll and health risks have sparked debates on finding more sustainable alternatives for celebrations.

A Need for Responsible Celebration
As cities like New York lift temporary bans on fireworks, experts urge better regulation and awareness of their impact on health and the environment. While fireworks remain a symbol of festivity, balancing tradition with sustainability is a growing challenge in the modern era.